VETERINARY PHARMACY
This short course on veterinary pharmacy is designed for pharmacy professionals and other healthcare providers to gain essential knowledge and skills related to the pharmacological management of animal health. The course will cover key topics such as animal anatomy and physiology, medication administration, disease management, drug compounding and formulation, regulatory affairs, and the business aspects of veterinary pharmacy. Through a combination of lectures, practical sessions, and case studies, participants will be prepared to apply their knowledge in real-world settings, improving outcomes for animal patients.
To equip pharmacy and health professionals with comprehensive knowledge and practical skills in veterinary pharmacy, enabling them to effectively manage animal health through the safe and effective use of medications.
To provide a multidisciplinary training program that bridges the gap between human and veterinary pharmacy, fostering an understanding of animal physiology, pharmacology, disease management, and the unique challenges of veterinary healthcare. This program aims to enhance the proficiency of participants in veterinary drug administration, compounding, regulatory compliance, and the business aspects of veterinary pharmacy.
ICT Requirements
By the end of the training, participants will be able to.
The goal of this module is to provide pharmacy and veterinary professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary for the safe and effective administration of medications to animals and also drugs, excipients, preservatives, flavors, dyes, and foods that are known or suspected to cause toxicities in animals, with an emphasis on the mechanisms by which these items cause harm in each species.
• Routes of Administration:Oral Administration: Techniques, advantages, and challenges; Topical Administration: Methods, absorption considerations, and safety; Injectable Administration: Types of injections (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous), equipment, and procedures.
• Dosage Calculations and Adjustments: Basic principles of dosage calculations; Adjustments for weight, age, and health status; Species-specific dosage considerations.
• Handling and Restraining Techniques: Safe handling practices for different animals; Techniques for restraining animals during medication administration; Stress reduction strategies for animals during treatment.
• Introduction to Veterinary Toxicology: Definition and scope of veterinary toxicology, Importance of understanding species-specific toxicological responses, Overview of common toxicological emergencies in veterinary practice
• Factors Influencing Toxicity in Non-Human Species: Species-specific metabolic pathways and differences, Factors such as age, size, breed, and health status, Environmental and dietary factors influencing toxicity, Genetic predispositions to certain toxicities
• Toxic Substances in Veterinary Medicine: Drugs and Medications: Common drugs toxic to dogs (e.g., ibuprofen, acetaminophen, xylitol); Common drugs toxic to cats (e.g., acetaminophen, aspirin, certain flea medications); Drugs toxic to cows, sheep, and goats (e.g., ionophores,certain antibiotics); Drugs toxic to hens (e.g., certain antimicrobials, pesticides). Excipients and Preservatives: Excipients known to cause adverse reactions; Preservatives and their toxic effects in various species. Flavors and Dyes: Artificial flavors and dyes and their impact on animal health, Natural flavorings that might be harmful to pets and livestock. Foods and Household Items: Foods toxic to dogs (e.g., chocolate, grapes, onions), Foods toxic to cats (e.g., onions, garlic, chocolate), Foods and plants toxic to cows, sheep, and goats (e.g., certain weeds, toxic plants), Household items and chemicals that are hazardous.
• Mechanisms of Toxicity: Biochemical pathways leading to toxicity, Organ systems commonly affected by toxins, Mechanisms of action for common toxicants in veterinary patients
• Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of Toxicity: Recognizing early signs of toxicity in different species, Diagnostic tests and procedures for confirming toxic exposure, Case studies illustrating common toxicological presentations
• Treatment and Management of Toxicity: Immediate steps for managing toxic exposures, Use of antidotes and supportive care, Long-term management and monitoring of affected animals
• Preventive Measures and Owner Education: Strategies for preventing toxic exposures, Educating pet and livestock owners about common toxicants, Safe storage and handling of medications and hazardous substances
• Sources of Veterinary Toxicology Information: Key databases and online resources (e.g., ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center, Veterinary Information Network), Essential textbooks and reference materials, Professional organizations and their resources for toxicology information
The goal of this module is to educate pharmacy and veterinary professionals about important concepts in veterinary drug law and aspects of ethical professional behaviour by pharmacy personnel when dispensing drugs for use in non-human species. In addition, this module will introduce participants to the most commonly used information resources for veterinary medicine.
• Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR):
o Definition and essential elements of VCPR
o Responsibilities and interactions between veterinarian, client, and patient
• Statutes, Regulations, Guidance, and Standards:
o Overview of federal and state statutes and regulations
o Key guidelines and standards for veterinary drug use
• Regulatory Agencies:
o Roles and responsibilities of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
o Functions of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
o State veterinary boards and their regulatory impact
• Requirements for Dispensing Medications:
o Prescription regulations for veterinary medications
o Labeling requirements and best practices
o Record-keeping practices for compliance
o Ethical considerations in dispensing veterinary drugs
• Reference Texts, Databases, and Journals: Overview of commonly used resources in veterinary medicine, Discussion on reference texts, such as veterinary formularies and drug compendia, Introduction to veterinary-specific databases and online resources, Identification of key veterinary journals for staying updated on research and developments
• Evaluating Veterinary Research Articles: Key considerations when assessing the quality and relevance of veterinary research articles, Discussion on study design, methodology, and statistical analysis in veterinary research, Understanding the significance of peer review and publication credibility
• Professional Organizations: Introduction to professional organizations dedicated to supporting pharmacy personnel in veterinary medicine, Overview of their roles, resources, and benefits for members, Naming and discussing prominent organizations focused on veterinary pharmacy and care for animal patients
The goal of this module is to provide pharmacy and veterinary professionals with a working knowledge of the most commonly prescribed veterinary-only antimicrobial agents and an understanding of pain management in animals, focusing on commonly prescribed veterinary analgesics, including opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and other pain relief medications.
• Mechanisms of Action and Indications: Explanation of the mechanisms of action of commonly prescribed veterinary-only antimicrobial agents. Discussion of the specific conditions or infections for which these agents are indicated for use in animals.
• Dosing for Various Species: Description of appropriate dosing regimens for various species commonly treated with veterinary-only antimicrobial agents. Considerations for adjusting doses based on factors such as species, weight, and severity of infection.
• Safety Considerations: Identification of safety considerations for both animals and humans during treatment with veterinary-only antimicrobial agents. Discussion of potential adverse effects and precautions to mitigate risks associated with antimicrobial use.
• Monitoring Parameters and Regulatory Considerations: Recognition of important monitoring parameters to assess the efficacy and safety of veterinary-only antimicrobial agents in clinical practice. Overview of regulatory considerations, including legal requirements and guidelines for the use of veterinary-only antimicrobial agents, emphasizing the importance of judicious use and antimicrobial stewardship.
• Mechanisms of Action and Indications: Explanation of how commonly prescribed veterinary analgesics work within the body. Discussion of the specific conditions or situations in which opioids, NSAIDs, and adjunctive pain relief medications are indicated for use in animals.
• Dosing Regimens: Description of appropriate dosing regimens for various species commonly treated with these pain management medications. Considerations for adjusting doses based on factors such as species, size, and severity of pain.
• Safety Considerations and Adverse Effects: Identification of safety considerations for both animals and humans during treatment with veterinary analgesics. Exploration of potential adverse effects associated with opioids, NSAIDs, and other pain relief medications in animals.
• Monitoring Parameters and Regulatory Considerations: Recognition of important monitoring parameters to assess the efficacy and safety of veterinary analgesics in clinical practice. Overview of regulatory considerations, including legal requirements and guidelines for the use of veterinary analgesics in different jurisdictions.
The goal of this module is to provide pharmacy and veterinary professionals with a working knowledge of veterinary-only hormonal agents, drugs used to enhance milk and meat production in animals.
• Mechanisms of Action and Indications: Explanation of the mechanisms of action of veterinary-only hormonal drugs. Discussion of the specific conditions or disorders for which these drugs are indicated for use in animals.
• Dosing for Various Species: Description of appropriate dosing regimens for various species commonly treated with veterinary-only hormonal drugs. Considerations for adjusting doses based on factors such as species, age, and reproductive status.
• Safety Considerations: Identification of safety considerations for both animals and humans during treatment with veterinary-only hormonal drugs. Discussion of potential adverse effects and precautions to mitigate risks associated with hormonal therapy.
• Monitoring Parameters and Regulatory Considerations: Recognition of important monitoring parameters to assess the efficacy and safety of veterinary-only hormonal drugs in clinical practice. Overview of regulatory considerations, including legal requirements and guidelines for the use of veterinary-only hormonal drugs, emphasizing the importance of compliance with regulations and guidelines to ensure safe and effective treatment outcomes.
• Hormonal Treatments and Their Mechanisms: Overview of growth hormones (e.g., bovine somatotropin (BST), ractopamine), Mechanisms of action in enhancing milk production, Mechanisms of action in promoting meat growth, Species-specific applications and considerations
• Ethical Considerations and Regulations: Ethical debates surrounding the use of growth-promoting drugs, Animal welfare concerns, International and national regulatory standards (e.g., FDA, EMA), Compliance with legal and ethical guidelines
• Impact on Animal Health and Productivity: Short-term and long-term health effects on animals, Changes in productivity and efficiency, Monitoring and managing side effects
• Risks on Human Health: Understanding drug residues in milk and meat, Regulatory limits for drug residues in animal products, Health risks associated with consuming products with drug residues, Strategies for mitigating risks
• Transmission of Zoonotic Diseases: Potential zoonotic pathogens related to enhanced production practices, Monitoring and controlling zoonotic disease risks
• Public health implications
• Case Studies and Practical Applications: Real-world examples of the use of growth-promoting drugs, Best practices for ensuring safety and compliance, Counselling livestock owners on the use and risks of these treatments
The goal of this activity is to provide pharmacy and veterinary professionals with a working knowledge of the most common canine disease states, principles of therapy and monitoring, and provide pharmacists with important counseling points, so that pharmacy personnel can provide optimal pharmaceutical care and products for canine patients.
• Understanding Canine Diseases: Identification of causes, risk factors, and clinical signs of common diseases in dogs, including but not limited to canine hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hypoadrenocorticism, diabetes, epilepsy, urinary incontinence, and cardiovascular disease.
• Understanding Feline Diseases: Identification of causes, risk factors, and clinical signs of common diseases in cats, including but not limited to feline hyperthyroidism, diabetes, cardiomyopathy, asthma, and lower urinary tract disease.
• Commonly Used Drugs: Identification of the drugs most commonly used for the treatment of these canine diseases. Discussion of their mechanisms of action, dosing regimens, and potential side effects.
• Monitoring and Follow-Up: Description of usual monitoring and follow-up procedures for dogs undergoing treatment for these diseases. Emphasis on the importance of regular veterinary visits and diagnostic tests to assess treatment efficacy and adjust therapy as needed.
• Counseling Points for Owners: Recall of important counseling points for owners of dogs undergoing treatment. Guidance on medication administration, potential side effects to watch for, dietary considerations, and the importance of compliance with prescribed treatment regimens.
The goal of this module is to provide pharmacy and veterinary professionals with a knowledge of the most common disease states in cows, sheep, goats and horses, principles of therapy and monitoring, and important counseling points, so that the professionals can provide optimal pharmaceutical care and products for equine patients.
• Understanding Disease States: Identification of causes, risk factors, and clinical signs of common diseases in cows, sheep, goats and horses
• Commonly Used Drugs: Identification of the drugs most commonly used for the treatment of these diseases in cows, sheep, goats and horses. Discussion of their mechanisms of action, dosing regimens, and potential side effects in these animals.
• Monitoring and Follow-Up: Description of usual monitoring and follow-up procedures for cows, sheep, goats and horses undergoing treatment for these diseases. Emphasis on the importance of regular veterinary visits and diagnostic tests to assess treatment efficacy and adjust therapy as needed.
• Counseling Points for Owners: Recall of important counseling points for owners of cows, sheep, goats and horses undergoing treatment. Guidance on medication administration techniques, potential side effects to watch for, dietary considerations, and the importance of compliance with prescribed treatment regimens for these animals.
The goal of this module is to provide knowledge of the most common disease states, principles of therapy, and monitoring for poultry patients.
• Understanding Chicken Diseases: Identification of causes, risk factors, and clinical signs of common diseases in chickens.
• Commonly Used Drugs: Identification of the drugs most commonly used for the treatment of these diseases in chickens. Discussion of their mechanisms of action, dosing regimens, and potential side effects in poultry.
• Monitoring and Follow-Up: Description of usual monitoring and follow-up procedures for chickens undergoing treatment for these diseases. Emphasis on the importance of regular veterinary visits and diagnostic tests to assess treatment efficacy and adjust therapy as needed.
• Counseling Points for Owners: Recall of important counseling points for owners of chickens undergoing treatment. Guidance on medication administration techniques, potential side effects to watch for, dietary considerations, and the importance of compliance with prescribed treatment regimens for poultry.
The goal of this module is to provide knowledge of the most common disease states, principles of therapy, and monitoring for fish, reptiles and wild animals.
• Understanding fish, reptiles and wild animal Diseases: Identification of causes, risk factors, and clinical signs of common diseases in fish.
• Commonly Used Drugs: Identification of the drugs most commonly used for the treatment of these diseases in fish, reptiles and wild animals. Discussion of their mechanisms of action, dosing regimens, and potential side effects in poultry.
• Monitoring and Follow-Up: Description of usual monitoring and follow-up procedures for fish, reptiles and wild animals undergoing treatment for these diseases. Emphasis on the importance of regular veterinary visits and diagnostic tests to assess treatment efficacy and adjust therapy as needed.
• Counseling Points for Owners: Recall of important counseling points for owners of fish, reptiles and wild animals undergoing treatment. Guidance on medication administration techniques, potential side effects to watch for, dietary considerations, and the importance of compliance with prescribed treatment regimens for poultry.
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